纸飞机在哪下载中文包,（telegreat官方版下载安卓）

2021年5月底，中国举办了“走进三星堆读懂中华文明”的主题活动。位于四川省广汉市的三星堆遗址，近期有新的重大考古发现，出土文物规模宏大、蔚为壮观，包括金器、玉器、铜器、象牙等在内的重要文物多达一千多件，展示了世界古代文明的多元和相似。

（全文阅读约8分钟，涉及信使旧刊内容，请以最新考古发现为准）

©️ A bronze mask excavated at the Sanxingdui ruins in 1986 is exhibited at the museum. (Photo: Xinhua News Agency)

©️ Photo shows bronze wares unearthed from a sacrificial pit at the Sanxingdui Ruins site in southwest Chinas Sichuan Province (Photo: Xinhua News Agency)

©️ Photo shows a bronze vessel unearthed from an ancient sacrificial pit at the Sanxingdui Ruins site in southwest China’s Sichuan province. (Photo: Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute)

©️ Photo shows a gold mask unearthed from an ancient sacrificial pit at the Sanxingdui Ruins site in southwest China’s Sichuan province. (Photo: Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute)

©️ Photo: Wikipedia/Xinhua News Agency

这处坐落于中国西南省份的古代遗址和同一地区的金沙遗址已被列入联合国教科文组织的世界文化遗产预备名单。

©️ Photo: Xinhua News Agency

©️ Photo: Xinhua News Agency

©️ Photo: Xinhua News Agency

联合国教科文组织文化助理总干事埃内斯托·奥托内在视频中祝贺中国的重大考古发现，他提到，三星堆遗址的重大发现不仅是考古学领域的一个里程碑，同时也是我们了解中华文明的一个里程碑。由于新冠肺炎疫情，许多发掘工作不得不停止，而在考古界低迷之际，这项发现尤其令人倍感振奋。奥托内同时表示，希望各界更多地了解这一丰富的古老文化，这样的活动（“走进三星堆读懂中华文明”主题活动）不仅为促进文化交流、研究和文明对话的重要机会，也正是联合国教科文组织核心价值理念之所在。（点击下方，观看视频）

本期《信使》官方微信平台 Focus 栏目将通过中国三星堆遗址的重要新发现，回顾《信使》杂志历史上对青铜时期辉煌文明的思考，并探讨其于人类文化发展磐石般的重要性。我们将通过了解古巴比伦天文学，中国及苏美尔文字，数字等，继续深入领会及欣赏人类文明中璀璨的瑰宝，并探索它们之间种种深刻的关联性。

考古研究的重要性：技术革新，城市与国家建设，文化认同

考古学，旨在根据人类活动的物质遗迹来研究人类的过去。这门学科源远流长，可追溯至十六世纪欧洲清闲的鉴赏家们。尽管有人认为，早期的考古发掘者“比盗墓贼好不了多少”，而今天的考古学家在一系列强大的科学手段和技术专长的支持下，已然成为了考察、研究过去的专家。

同时，在二十世纪末，历史的物质遗存比以往任何时候都更加不容忽视。每一天，在城市开发项目和大型工程中，都会有新的历史遗迹被人们发现。寻求建立自身身份认同的新生国家认识到了历史遗产的重要性，因其不仅展现了该民族的历史文化成就，而且也是影响其国家发展的一枚重要砝码。然而矛盾的是，一个崇尚革新的时代，现如今却必须和它的过去面对面。

...

当今的考古学家是一个多学科合作团队的一员。他可以利用空间遥感作为勘探手段，使用计算机执行各种任务，如制作三维遗址图或了解最新的考古数据，并依靠核物理学来分析其考古发现。这一过程还涉及多门学科，如植物学、昆虫学，乃至花粉、硅藻和鱼骨研究等各种科学。

蒋紫璇 译 臧奕钦 校

—— ”Editorial“

via What’s New in Archaeology (July 1985) 

对于过去没有或鲜有书面记载的民族而言，考古资料有助于重建民族历史。考古遗址出土的文物反映着该民族文化的起源与发展。一些已发掘的遗址可以就地开发成博物馆或文化公园。

考古遗址、珍宝和文物能够成为一种象征符号，加深人们对地方和历史文化传统的归属感。文化认同感是自我意识和自我实现的基础，为个体或群体创造力带来了广阔的发展机遇。因此，在任何国家的发展中，考古学都能够发挥重要作用。

高欢 译 董心怡 校

—— ”Let the past serve the future“

via What’s New in Archaeology (July 1985)

古巴比伦王国和中国商朝的

早期天文学发展

我们在中国安阳的一个骨质铭文中发现了非常早期的月食记录，日期署为武丁王二十九年十二月十五日，即公元前1311年11月23日（注：现考证为公元前1191年12月27日）。这表明，人们对天象的兴趣，亦或是一种认知，比任何在埃及发现的都早。

但在周朝的记录中，我们可以看到，在商朝“君王”帝辛统治的第三十八年，即公元前1137年，由于月食发生的日期出现差错，周朝统治者周文王下令祭祀，因为根据日历，月食在此月的第十六日，而非第十五日发生。

如果我们正确地理解了史料，这无疑意味着早在公元前12世纪，中国的天文学家就能提前计算出月食，且准确到连一个 24 小时的误差就足以让统治者惊慌。

...

巴比伦人用于天文计算的数学基础比埃及人优越得多。他们在天文领域取得了更大的进展，并在相当早的时候就开始积累知识，最终为科学发展提供了基础。最早的巴比伦计算法涉及到不同季节的昼夜时间，月升月落，及金星的出没。

从乌尔第三王朝时期（约公元前2100年）开始，那些“预兆”文稿就结合了占星术与天文观测，由此可见人们对星象的特别关注。在公元前1400年和900年之间诞生的伟大占星预言集《Enuma, Anu, Enlil》的第63块碑文（《金星泥板文书》）中，记录了阿米萨杜卡  （Amizaduga/Ammisaduqa）统治时期21年内金星出没的记录——这些观测无疑是在当时，即公元前17世纪末或16世纪初进行的。

朱曼青 译

—— ”The first astronomers of China & Babylon“

via History of mankind: a global view of cultural and scientific development (June 1963)

随着前城市社会阶层系统的出现，城邦和王国在世界各地蓬勃发展。语言和识字是青铜时代最关键的发展之一，"不仅在物质方面，更在科学、文化、精神和道德领域开辟了新的世界。”

书写系统和计数方式的起源

已知人类历史显示，文字最早于公元前3300年左右出现在美索不达米亚南部的苏美尔地区。

缘于其社会、商业和行政系统的发展需要，苏美尔人发明了一套统一的记录方式的参考系统。

在古代中国的商朝，一种不同的书写系统也通过类似的历史进程开始形成，并演变成当代的汉字。记录数字，以及专门用于记录贸易和食物储备的测量方法，也是作为书写系统的一部分发展起来的。在古老的两河流域和黄河流域，理解和表达数字的方式虽在形式上不同，但在历史和实际意义上却十分相似。

©️ Photo taken on May 14, 2021 shows relics unearthed from the Sanxingdui Ruins site in southwest Chinas Sichuan Province. (Photto: Xinhua News Agency)

据考古学家发现，距今约7000年的中国仰韶文化中出土的一些陶器（出土于河南省和山西省）上带有特殊的刻画符号。大部分符号呈垂线型，其他则为“之”字型。这些垂线被认为是中国古代最早的计数形式。

历经数万年的原始文明之后，华夏大地上逐渐演变出了阶级社会，也就是商朝的奴隶社会（约公元前16世纪至公元前11世纪）。考古证据表明，商朝社会已相当发达，能够生产青铜兵器、家用器皿和祭器。公元前14世纪左右，商朝迁都至殷（今河南省安阳小屯村附近）。由此，商朝的经济和文化得到了进一步的发展，殷历也应运而生。

二十世纪初，河南安阳出土了一大批刻有文字的腹甲（龟甲的腹部）和兽骨。研究发现，商代的贵族们已经开始祭祖。祭祖时，他们会祈求祖先为自己解惑，并将问题和答案铭刻在腹甲和兽骨上，有时也会一并刻上祈祷的结果。这种刻录在腹甲和兽骨上的文字一般被称为“甲骨文”。尽管在仰韶陶器上发现了个别不同的符号，“甲骨文”仍是迄今为止发现的最早的中国文字形式。

已经出土的甲骨显示，商人使用的5000个文字中涵盖了中国最早的数字。这些甲骨记载的内容包括战争中降服了多少俘虏，杀死了多少敌人，猎人捕获了多少鸟兽，以及祭祖中使用了多少家畜。此外，商人对日期也进行了编号。

周丹丹 刘欣如 译 徐雪英 校

—— "The mathsticks of early China“

via The Story of Numbers (November 1993)

©️ Sanxingdui (photo: China Central Television)

公元前2000年，古老的美索不达米亚平原已有书面数字体系。近一百年来，学者们开始了解这一体系，并发现两个显著特征。其一，美索不达米亚人使用的数字体系十分独特，采用60为基数。其二，不同于我们了解的其他古代民族，他们像我们一样，使用位值制计数法表达书面数字。学者们对这两个奇异特征给出了多种解释。有人认为可能与苏美尔历法有关，另一些人认为数字60的除数更多，更方便使用，还有人则认为这与苏美尔人的心理特征有关。现在我们知道，问题的答案在于美索布达米亚文字的起源和发展，是历经千年才形成的结果，或者更准确的说，是记账和文字发展的结果——事实上，文字书写最初的用途就是记账。

...

约公元前3200年，文字书写体系形成，其中包括约30个数字符号和800个非数字符号，用于标识计数条目、地理名称和官方名称。

代永华 译 易西关 校

—— "Sumerian sums“

via The Story of Numbers (November 1993)

联合国教科文组织在1996年出版的《人类历史：科学和文化发展》第二卷 《早期青铜时代：公元前3000年至1500年》中强调：从这一时期开始，文化发展呈现的复杂性足以将人们的生活方式归为 "文明"。

“自文字的起源，纯考古发现背后所蕴含的前人的哲学思想、诗词歌赋、神话记载、法律和道德规范以及许多其他特质能够为人所知。确切来说，真正的历史从那时才开始，根据当时的地理、生态和资源条件，以及人们根据经验技术的利用方式，文献记载和物质遗存对于解释人类活动发挥着同等作用。”（高欢 译 董心怡 校）

外部链接：

联合国教科文组织的世界文化遗产预备名单：三星堆遗址及金沙遗址

https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5816/

©Archaeologists work at the Sanxingdui Ruins site. Photo: the Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute

Sanxingdui’s New Discovery and the Bronze Age ｜Brilliant Echoes between Civilizations

China hosted a major event celebrating the new discoveries from the archaeological site of the Sanxingdui Ruins at the end of last month. More than 1,000 significant relics, including bronze wares, ivories, jade, gold foils and stone tools, have been unearthed from newly excavated sacrificial pits at the legendary Sanxingdui Ruins site in southwest China. These uncovered cultural relics are large in scale and magnificent in appearance, once again showcasing the diversity of these objects and their similarities across ancient civilizations worldwide.

The Sanxingdui Ruins, located in southwest Chinas Sichuan Province, together with the Jinsha Ruins, are on the country’s Tentative List to be considered for UNESCO cultural World Heritage status.

Ernesto Ottone, Assistant Director General for culture at UNESCO, regards the new discoveries of the site as a milestone in archaeology and human beings understanding of Chinese civilization. "At a time when many excavations have been forced to a halt due to COVID-19, this discovery is particularly inspiring," Ottone said in a congratulatory video about the sites latest progress. Ottone also spoke highly of the site as it provides crucial opportunities for cultural exchanges, research and dialogue, which dovetails with the values upheld by the UNESCO mission.

Through the new discoveries from one of the most exemplary cultures of the Bronze Age, we may review The UNESCO Courier’s archive on the foundational importance of various cultural developments across human societies. By covering subjects ranging from Babylonian astronomy to Chinese and Sumerian writing and numerical recording systems, we hope to further efforts towards the continuous understanding and unwavered treasuring of humanity’s most illustrious jewels, and to explore the profound interconnectedness between them.

On the importance of archaeological research:

New technologies, urban- and nation-building, cultural identities of local peoples

Archaeology, the study of man’s past through the material remains of human activity, has come a long way since it originated among the leisured connoisseurs of sixteenth-century Europe. Whereas the early excavators, it has been said, “were little better than grave-robbers”, today’s archaeologists are specialists who investigate the past using forensic skills buttressed by a formidable array of scientific and technological expertise. 

At the same time, in the late twentieth century the material remains of the past are more than ever impossible to ignore. They are uncovered every day by urban development projects and large-scale engineering works. New nations seeking to establish their own identity feel the importance of a heritage which not only defines the past cultural achievements of their peoples but also an essential factor in national development. Paradoxically, an age bent on change has come face to face with its past. 

[...] A modern archaeologist is part of a multidisciplinary team and may call on teledetection from space as a means of prospection, use a computer for such varied tasks as making a three-dimensional site-map or getting access to the latest archaeological data, and rely on nuclear physics to analyse his finds, as well as appealing to sciences as varied as botany, entomology and even the study of pollen, diatoms and fishbones.

—— ”Editorial“

via What’s New in Archaeology (July 1985) 

Archaeology provides data which contribute to the reconstruction of the history of peoples whose past is not or is only little reflected in written records. Relics unearthed at archaeological sites mirror the origin and development of a people’s culture. Some of the sites excavated could be developed into on-the-spot museums or cultural parks. 

Archaeological sites, treasures and artefacts can become symbols which intensify a people’s sense of belonging to a locality and to a historical and cultural tradition. A sense of cultural identity is the basis for self-awareness and self-realization which opens up vast opportunities for individual or group creativity. Accordingly, archaeology can play an important role in any nation’s development.

—— ”Let the past serve the future“

via What’s New in Archaeology (July 1985)

The development of astronomy in the Kingdom of Babylon and the Shang Dynasty

From China we have, in one Anyang bone inscription, a very early record of an eclipse which took place “on the fifteenth day of the twelfth moon of the twenty-ninth year of King Wu-Ting.” i.e. on November 23, 1311 B.C., which shows an interest, and possibly a knowledge, antedating anything of the sort in Egypt. 

[...] But in the Chou records we are told that in the thirty-eighth year of the reign of the Shang “emperor” Ti-hsin (1137 B.C.) the Chou ruler Chou-wen-wang ordered a sacrifice to be offered because “the eclipse happened not on the right day”: it occurred on the sixteenth day of the month, according to the calendar, instead of on the fifteenth.

This, if the construction put upon it be correct, surely implies that as early as the twelfth century B.C. Chinese astronomers were able to calculate the lunar eclipses in advance, and that with such confidence that an error of twenty-four hours was enough to alarm the authorities. 

[...] The Babylonians, possessing a mathematical basis for astronomical calculations much superior to that of the Egyptians, made far greater progress in the astronomical field and started at quite an early date to amass a corpus of information which would ultimately supply the material for science. The earliest computations were concerned with (a) the duration of day and night in the different seasons, (b) the rising and setting of the moon, and (c) the appearance and disappearance of Venus. 

From the time of the Third Dynasty of Ur (c.2100 B.C.) onwards the omen texts, which combine astrological forecasts with astronomical observations, prove the careful attention paid to astral phenomena. Thus the sixty-third tablet of the great astrological series “Enuma, Anu, Enlil” which was put into shape between 1400 and 900 B.C. contains a list of the hellaeal risings and settings of Venus during twenty-one years of the reign of Amizaduga; the observations must have been made at the time, i.e. in the late seventeenth century or early sixteenth century B.C.

—— ”The first astronomers of China & Babylon“

via History of mankind: a global view of cultural and scientific development (June 1963)

City-states and kingdoms flourished across the world as systems of pre-urban social strata merged. Language and literacy, being among the most crucial developments of the Bronze Age, “opened a new world of advancement not only in material terms but also in scientific, cultural, spiritual and moral fields.”

The origins of writing and numerical recording systems

In known human history, writing first appeared around 3300 B.C. in the land of Sumer, as complex social, commercial, and administrative systems developed in a way that demanded records as well as unified systems of references. In the Shang period of ancient China, a different system of writing, which evolved into the contemporary Hanzi, also started to take shape, necessitated by similar historical processes. Systems of recording numbers, and even measurement and calculations specifically for trade and recording foodstocks, developed as a part of writing practices. In the ancient lands of Sumer and China, methods of understanding and expressing numerics flourished in formally different yet practically similar ways.

Archaeologists discovered that some earthenware from the 7,000-year-old Yangshao Culture (excavated in Henan and Shanxi Provinces) bore specially inscribed signs and marks. Most of the marks were vertical lines, while others were Z-shaped. These vertical lines are believed to be the very earliest forms of numeration in ancient China. 

After tens of thousands of years of primitive civilization, a society with a class structure evolved in China. This was the slave society of the Shang dynasty (circa sixteenth to eleventh centuries B.C.). It is clear from archaeological evidence that this culture was fairly well developed, producing bronze weapons, household utensils and sacrificial vessels. Around the fourteenth century B.C., the Shang Dynasty moved its capital to the neighbourhood of the present-day Xiaotun, near Anyang in Henan province. Culture and the economy took a further step forward, and a form of calendar appeared. 

In the course of the present century (twentieth century), a large collection of plastrons-- the ventral part of tortoise shells-- and animal bones inscribed with characters have been excavated in the same area. Research has shown that the nobles of the Shang period worshipped the spirits of their ancestors. In their prayers they put questions to these spirits, inscribing the questions, the answers, and sometimes the subsequent verifications on the plastrons and on animal bones. The characters used in the inscriptions are generally known as “oracle bone script,” and this is the earliest form of Chinese writing so far discovered, although isolated symbols have been found on Yangshao pottery.

Among 5,000 characters used by the Shang people on the excavated oracle bones are the earliest known Chinese numerals. The oracle bones recorded how many prisoners were taken in war or how many of the enemy were killed, how many birds and animals the hunters caught and how many domestic animals were sacrificed to the spirits. Days were also numbered.

—— "The mathsticks of early China“

via The Story of Numbers (November 1993)

When, during the last one hundred years, scholars began to understand the written numerical system of the ancient Mesopotamian world in the last two millennia before our era, they discovered that it had two highly distinctive features. First of all the Mesopotamians used a unique system with the base of 60. Secondly, they differed from the other known ancient peoples by using a system of place notation, as we do, to express their written numbers. All kinds of explanations for the existence of these two strange features were put forward. Some thought they might have had something to do with the Sumerian calendar; others that they were due to the convenience of the number 60, so rich in divisors; others still that they were the result of a psychological peculiarity of the Sumerian people. We now know, however, that the answer lies in the genesis and development of writing in Mesopotamia, or more precisely in the relation between bookkeeping and writing-- the fact that the original purpose of writing was bookkeeping-- and was the outcome of a process lasting a thousand years. 

[...] By around 3200 B.C, a writing system had developed that consisted of a repertory of some 30 numeric and 800 non-numeric signs, used to designate the items counted and geographical and official names.

—— "Sumerian sums“

via The Story of Numbers (November 1993)

In UNESCO’s 1996 publication on “The Early Bronze Age (3000 to 1500 BC)” collected in History of humanity: scientific and cultural development, v. II: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C., it is highlighted that cultural developments from this period onward accumulated a sufficient level of complexity to categorize the people’s ways of living as “civilizations”. 

“For the first time it is possible to fathom human philosophic ideas, poetic fancies, myths and mythologies, legal and moral codes and many other features that were earlier concealed behind purely archaeological sources. In definitive terms real history now begins, in which both literary records and material remains play an equal role in interpreting human activity on the basis of the geography, ecology and resources of the time and the ways in which they were exploited by people’s skill and experience.”

翻译人员名录

中国人民大学 蒋紫璇 译 臧奕钦 校

浙江大学 周丹丹 刘欣如 译 徐雪英 校

中国石油大学（北京）高欢 译 董心怡 校

中央民族大学 代永华 译 易西关 校

复制粘贴网址链接，阅读并下载《信使》杂志全文

What’s New in Archaeology (July 1985)

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000064941

History of mankind: a global view of cultural and scientific development (June 1963)

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000078200?posInSet=9&queryId=dd002c1a-4023-4a4b-8192-ab5ef132fa91

The Story of Numbers (November 1993)

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000095141?posInSet=9&queryId=299f87b4-dfcb-4cd0-958e-83991068f30d

“The Early Bronze Age (3000 to 1500 BC)” via History of humanity: scientific and cultural development, v. II: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C. (1996)

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000103312&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_839da746-098f-471e-8a79-7b7368b4de36%3F_%3D119150eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000103312/PDF/119150eng.pdf#part.1

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往期 Focus 文章精选

—— ”Editorial“

via What’s New in Archaeology (July 1985)